Environmental Defence Society
Business / Trading Name: Environmental Defence Society Incorporated. Commonly known as “Environmental Defence Society” or “EDS,” it is a not-for-profit environmental advocacy organisation based in New Zealand.
Company Number: 222128 (Incorporation number)
NZBN (New Zealand Business Number): 9429042719687. (This unique identifier is assigned to EDS as a registered entity in New Zealand).
Entity Type: Incorporated Society (Non-profit Environmental Non-Governmental Organisation). EDS is an ENGO – an environmental NGO – with a membership base of resource management professionals and concerned citizens. It has charitable status (registered as a charity) and operates on a non-profit basis, advocating for environmental protection and sustainable management.
Business Classification: Environmental advocacy and policy research services. In official terms, EDS’s activities fall under the sector of “environmental protection and resource management advocacy”, which could be classified within the non-profit civic and professional organizations category. (For example, EDS is described as “a professionally based environmental advocacy organisation” committed to improving environmental outcomes.) It litigates on environmental issues, produces policy research, and provides consultancy-like advice on environmental law and policy.
Industry Category: Environmental conservation and legal/policy advocacy. EDS focuses on environmental law, policy reform, and resource management. Its work addresses areas such as land use, freshwater, biodiversity, climate change, and oceans governance. The society operates in the non-profit sector, interacting with government, industry, and civil society on environmental issues rather than in a commercial industry per se.
Year Founded: 1971. EDS was established in 1971 by a group of law students and scientists to advocate for environmental protection, bringing together the disciplines of science, law, and planning for the first time in New Zealand’s environmental movement.
Addresses:
Registered / Mailing Address: PO Box 91736, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1042, New Zealand. This is the principal mailing address for EDS.
Physical Office: EDS’s operations are based in Auckland. (The PO Box is the public contact address; a specific street address is not prominently advertised in sources, suggesting EDS may not emphasize a walk-in office location).
Website URL:
https://eds.org.nz/
. The official EDS website provides information on its mission, research publications, events, and news.
LinkedIn URL: EDS maintains a LinkedIn presence for outreach. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/environmental-defence-society/?originalSubdomain=nz (Profile name: “Environmental Defence Society (EDS)”). The LinkedIn page describes EDS as “one of the most influential non-profit organisations” in New Zealand’s environmental sector.
Company Hub NZ URL: No dedicated CompanyHub profile. EDS is an incorporated society and is not listed on typical company directory sites like Company Hub (which usually list registered companies). (For similar non-profit entities, CompanyHub profiles do not exist).
NZ Companies Office URL: https://app.businessregisters.govt.nz/sber-businesses/viewInstance/view.html?id=229a78e05307b6d8bf1b29667f00cb17a99f9da00a105b37 The official government register entry provides its incorporation details, confirming it as “Environmental Defence Society Incorporated.” The society’s unique identifiers (e.g. society number and NZBN) are recorded there.
Social Media URLs: EDS is active on several social media platforms to engage the public:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EDSaotearoa/ (for news, press releases and community engagement).
Twitter: No official Twitter found (EDS tends to use other channels; its staff and collaborators sometimes communicate via personal Twitter accounts).
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/eds_aotearoa/?hl=en (used for sharing updates on reports and events).
YouTube: EDS content (conference videos, webinars) is sometimes shared via third-party channels or partners, but no dedicated YouTube channel is evident.
(Primary social media engagement is through Facebook and LinkedIn, according to EDS communications.)
Ultimate Holding Company: Not applicable. EDS is an independent incorporated society with no holding company or parent entity. It is governed by its own board and members, not owned by any larger corporation or organisation (common for non-profits).
Key Shareholders: Not applicable. As a non-profit society, EDS has no shareholders. It is member-based and governed by a board elected by its members. (Its “ownership” is effectively vested in its membership and governance structure rather than share capital).
Leadership:
Gary Taylor CNZM, QSO – Chairman and Chief Executive: Mr. Gary Taylor has led EDS for decades and is the public face of the organisation. He is simultaneously the Chairman of the Board and the Executive Director (CEO) of EDS. Taylor has been associated with EDS since the late 1970s and is credited with being the main driving force behind the Society’s work. Under his leadership, EDS engages in litigation, research, and high-level policy advocacy.
Shay Schlaepfer – Chief Operating Officer. A resource management lawyer with 20 years’ experience, Schlaepfer began her career as EDS’s first in-house counsel before working in chambers and at Brookfields Lawyers. She now leads EDS’s litigation programme and government consultations, and has authored major reports on the Land Act 1948 and Wildlife Act 1953. She also serves on the High Country Advisory Group.
Raewyn Peart MNZM – Policy Director: Raewyn Peart is EDS’s Policy Director and a prominent figure in the organisation. She is a respected environmental policy expert and author of many EDS publications. Peart has been with EDS for over fifteen years and has led research projects on coastal management, oceans, and resource management reform. She also serves on government panels (e.g. the official Resource Management Act Reform Review Panel) in an expert capacity.
Greg Severinsen, PhD – Resource Management Reform Director: Dr. Greg Severinsen (sometimes spelled Severinson in sources) is in charge of EDS’s Resource Management (RM) Reform project. A lawyer and policy analyst, Severinsen has authored significant EDS reports (including the multi-volume 2019 report on RMA reform). He previously worked as a legal and policy advisor (and has experience with entities like the Ministry for the Environment), bringing valuable expertise in law reform.
Fiona Driver – Events Director: Fiona Driver oversees EDS’s conferences and events. She is responsible for organizing EDS’s annual Environmental Law and Policy Conference and the Climate Change & Business Conference. Driver’s role includes managing sponsorships and programming for these influential events, as indicated by her title “Events Director”.
John Commissaris – Solicitor. John holds degrees in law and applied science (environmental management) from the University of Otago. He provides legal advice on freshwater and biodiversity, with interests in climate change, oceans, fisheries, and international law. He previously studied at the University of British Columbia and worked as a wildland firefighter in Alberta, Canada.
Fernanda Contreras Caballero – Legal & Policy Researcher. Fernanda contributes to EDS’s policy projects on resource management and conservation reform. Originally from Mexico, she ran her own legal firm supporting small to medium businesses before moving to New Zealand. She holds a Master’s in environmental law from the University of Auckland and previously worked as a Senior Compliance Officer at Auckland Council.
Board of Directors: EDS’s activities are overseen by a Board of Directors composed of professionals in law, science, planning, and business. (Gary Taylor serves as Board Chair). Other board members (largely volunteers) have included prominent environmental lawyers and advocates, ensuring governance oversight. Note: Specific board member names are not widely publicized in sources, but the board structure is mentioned as part of EDS’s governance.
Staff: EDS operates with a small core team of staff. The exact number of employees is not explicitly listed in public sources, but it is likely modest (on the order of 5–10 full-time staff, supplemented by contractors or part-time experts). Identified staff members include the leadership above (CEO, Policy Director, etc.), as well as researchers, analysts, and support roles. EDS often draws on a wider network of resource management professionals (lawyers, scientists, planners) on a project or case-by-case basis to augment its capacity. This networked approach allows EDS to punch above its weight in expertise. The Society also has a “layered membership structure” with professional members (resource management practitioners) who contribute to its work. In summary, the dedicated staff covers policy research, legal advocacy, event management, and administration, enabling EDS to undertake litigation, publish reports, and host events despite its relatively small size.
Staff that have held previous government roles: Several EDS personnel have experience in government or quasi-governmental roles, reflecting a “revolving door” of expertise between EDS and the public sector:
Gary Taylor: Before focusing on EDS, Gary Taylor had a career in local government. He served as both a city councillor and a regional councillor in Auckland earlier in his career. Taylor’s background in public office (including as a former Auckland Regional Councillor) and the honours he has received (QSO – Queen’s Service Order for public service) indicate his involvement in governance. He has also been appointed to government advisory roles – for instance, he is a member of the Government’s Freshwater Leaders Group and the Trade for All Advisory Board (a ministerial advisory group on trade policy). These appointments (under recent governments) mean Taylor is directly involved in advising officials and Ministers, effectively straddling the NGO and government spheres.
Raewyn Peart: Raewyn was appointed by the Government to the Resource Management Reform Panel in 2019–2020 (the Randerson Review of the RMA). This was a significant government-convened expert panel shaping new environmental legislation. Her inclusion as the EDS Policy Director on that panel underscores both her personal expertise and EDS’s influence in public policy. Peart’s role was public and formally disclosed by the government, illustrating a close engagement with the policy-making process at the invitation of officials. Aside from this, Peart’s career has largely been in the NGO/independent sector, but her panel role is a notable government engagement.
Greg Severinsen: Dr. Severinsen has a background that includes policy work potentially with the Ministry for the Environment (MfE) or academia, though specifics aren’t publicly detailed. (It is known in the environmental policy community that he undertook a PhD in law/policy, and he may have collaborated with MfE on secondment or projects). However, no direct prior government employment is cited in sources for him.
Other staff/associates: EDS often collaborates with former public servants or experts. For example, it engages consultants or advisors who have worked in government – e.g., former council planners or retired officials – on certain projects (drawn from the “wider network” mentioned above). While not permanent staff, these individuals bring insider experience to EDS’s initiatives.
Overall, EDS’s leadership is deeply intertwined with public sector processes. Taylor’s and Peart’s governmental roles are openly declared, reflecting a strategy of influencing policy from both outside and inside. This close relationship with government circles has raised questions about potential conflicts (discussed later), but it also enhances EDS’s credibility and access in political arenas.
Past Employees: Over its 50+ year history, EDS has been home to notable environmental advocates, some of whom have moved on to influential roles elsewhere. A few examples:
Catherine Leining: Though not directly confirmed as an “employee,” Leining contributed to EDS research projects in the past and later became a prominent climate policy expert at Motu Economic & Public Policy Research and the NZ Climate Commission.
Cordelia Woodhouse – Solicitor: Cordelia Woodhouse is a staff solicitor at EDS, handling environmental legal cases and submissions. For example, she is listed as the contact lawyer in EDS’s submissions on policy statements. Woodhouse’s involvement signifies EDS’s in-house legal capability for its litigation and advocacy work.
In truth, EDS has a small staff and relatively low turnover – many key figures (Taylor, Peart) have been with the Society for decades. This means there is not a long list of “alumni” who have left for other careers. Instead, EDS tends to retain its talent or see them transition into consulting roles that still collaborate with EDS. One noteworthy “past member” is the late Sir Rob Fenwick, a prominent environmental businessman who was involved in EDS’s networks and championed some of its causes; his environmental influence extended into advising government and he at times worked alongside EDS (though again, not strictly an employee). Overall, no high-profile public officials are known to be former EDS staff – rather, EDS’s influence flows through current staff engaging externally, as described above.
Clients: Not applicable in the traditional sense. EDS does not operate as a consulting firm with private clients; instead, it works in the public interest. Its “clients,” if any, are effectively the environment and the New Zealand public. The Society occasionally undertakes commissioned research or advisory work funded by government agencies or philanthropic trusts – in those cases the “client” might be the funding agency. For example, the Ministry for the Environment and other agencies have contracted EDS to produce policy research (such as the ongoing Oceans Reform Project which received government funding). But these are typically partnerships or grants rather than traditional client relationships. In legal cases, EDS sometimes represents or supports community groups – e.g. partnering with local environmental groups in litigation – but EDS itself is often the named appellant or submitter (acting on its own behalf rather than as a lawyer for hire). In summary, EDS as an NGO is issue-driven and not client-driven.
Industries/Sectors Represented: EDS does not represent any industry sector – rather, it represents environmental and public interests. It is a civil society advocate rather than an industry lobby. However, EDS does engage with multiple sectors: it works across conservation, agriculture, energy, fisheries, and development sectors in the sense of influencing how those industries are regulated. For instance, EDS’s work on resource management law impacts the property development and infrastructure sector; its advocacy on climate policy intersects with the energy and agriculture sectors; its litigation on water quality concerns the dairy farming sector, etc. But crucially, EDS does not lobby on behalf of any industry – in fact, it often takes adversarial stances against industry practices that harm the environment (e.g. challenging intensive farming consents, opposing mining projects, scrutinizing fishing practices). Internally, its members’ professional backgrounds (law, planning, science) mean EDS can communicate with government and business, but it remains an environmental watchdog and think-tank, not an industry association. If anything, the “sector” it represents is the environmental non-profit sector and the interest of conservation-minded citizens.
Publicly Disclosed Engagements: EDS is notably transparent about its engagement in official processes. Some key publicly disclosed engagements include:
Government Advisory Panels: EDS leaders have been appointed to government panels and working groups. For example, Policy Director Raewyn Peart’s membership on the Randerson Review Panel for Resource Management Law Reform was publicly announced by the government. Similarly, Gary Taylor’s role on the Trade for All Advisory Board and the Freshwater Leaders Group were disclosed by the respective ministries. These roles are published in press releases and official documents, indicating EDS’s direct involvement in shaping policy.
Parliamentary Submissions and Hearings: EDS regularly makes submissions on legislation and appears before Parliamentary Select Committees on environmental bills. These submissions are part of the public record (e.g., EDS’s submissions on reforms to the Resource Management Act were noted in media and its stance on specific bills like the Regulatory Standards Bill was made public via an open letter). Hansard and committee reports occasionally mention EDS’s testimony or referenced input (for instance, EDS gave evidence on the Zero Carbon Bill and RMA amendment bills, as evidenced by news coverage of those debates).
Court Proceedings: As a litigation-focused NGO, EDS is openly engaged in legal actions which become matters of public record. Notably, EDS was the appellant in the landmark EDS v. King Salmon case at the Supreme Court, a fact widely reported. It has also joined or initiated court proceedings on issues like coastal development, mining consents, and most recently the challenge to the National Environmental Standards for Plantation Forestry. Each of these cases is disclosed through court documents and often in EDS’s own communications.
Official Consultations and Working Groups: EDS participates in formal consultations (e.g. providing input to National Policy Statements, National Environmental Standards). For example, Gary Taylor was an initiator and member of the Land and Water Forum, a collaborative stakeholder group convened by government to develop freshwater policy (this was public knowledge, and often credited to him in media). EDS’s engagement in the Hauraki Gulf marine spatial plan (“Sea Change”) process was also officially noted; Taylor sat on the project’s stakeholder steering group, a role disclosed in project documents and acknowledged by the Conservation Minister at the time.
Briefings to Incoming Ministers (BIMs): Uniquely, EDS sometimes produces its own “Briefing to Incoming Ministers” to influence new governments. For instance, EDS released a Briefing for Incoming Ministers on Resource Management Reform and the Environment in December 2023, which it publicized on its website and shared with officials. While not an official government document, the act of providing a BIM is a form of engagement EDS openly declares, highlighting its proactive lobbying.
Open Letters and Public Campaigns: EDS joins other NGOs in public letters or campaigns directed at policymakers. A fresh example is the May 2025 open letter to Prime Minister Luxon (a public plea to abandon a proposed Regulatory Standards Bill) which EDS co-signed; the letter was released openly via a Greenpeace press release. By signing alongside peers (Forest & Bird, WWF, etc.), EDS discloses its advocacy stance in a very public manner.
All these engagements are documented in public records (press releases, OIA responses, or official publications), consistent with EDS’s role as a transparent advocate attempting to shape policy both through formal channels and public debate.
Affiliations: EDS often collaborates with or is affiliated to various networks, both domestically and internationally, though it remains an independent entity. Key affiliations and alliances include:
Coalitions with Other Environmental NGOs: EDS frequently works in concert with groups like Forest & Bird, Greenpeace Aotearoa, and WWF-NZ on shared campaigns and policy advocacy. The aforementioned joint open letter against the Regulatory Standards Bill in 2025 is a prime example of this alliance of ENGOs acting together. They similarly co-operate on climate change advocacy and freshwater issues, presenting a united front of major NZ environmental organisations.
Partnership with Business-Oriented Groups: EDS has a notable partnership with the Sustainable Business Council (SBC) and the Climate Leaders Coalition (CLC) in co-hosting the annual Climate Change & Business Conference. This reflects a bridging affiliation between an NGO and corporate sustainability groups. By co-organising this event, EDS affiliates itself with forward-looking businesses and industry leaders concerned with climate policy.
Academic and Research Links: EDS’s work, especially its research reports, often involves collaboration with academics or research institutions. For example, some EDS projects have been supported by law schools or independent researchers (EDS publications have academic advisory panels). While not a formal affiliation, EDS is listed in directories like “On Think Tanks” as a think-tank organisation, indicating a loose affiliation with the global community of policy research institutes.
Membership in Government or Multi-Stakeholder Groups: As noted, EDS (via its CEO or staff) holds seats on various advisory groups (Land and Water Forum, etc.). These aren’t “affiliations” in the membership sense, but they do tie EDS into multi-stakeholder networks that include government agencies, iwi, and industry representatives. For instance, in the Land and Water Forum, EDS worked alongside federated farming groups, energy companies, and governmental reps – effectively affiliating in a consensus-building process.
International Links: EDS’s focus is primarily domestic, but it has interacted with international organisations at times. For example, EDS was involved in discussions to launch a methane-monitoring satellite with the US-based Environmental Defense Fund (the request to MBIE referencing a joint venture with “US Environmental Defense Society” appears to be referring to EDF). While that was likely a misnomer in the OIA request, it hints at EDS’s willingness to connect with overseas environmental initiatives and NGOs.
Professional Associations: EDS staff are members of professional bodies like the Resource Management Law Association (RMLA) and the Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand (EIANZ). These memberships affiliate EDS with the professional community of environmental lawyers and planners. Indeed, EDS’s own conferences are often held in partnership with such professional bodies (for instance, its annual conference draws RMLA members and others).
In summary, EDS is well-networked – affiliated with both fellow NGOs and groups beyond the traditional environmental movement, such as business coalitions and academic circles. This strategy of forming broad alliances enhances its influence but also subjects it to scrutiny about maintaining its independent voice (discussed later).
Sponsorships / Collaborations: EDS relies on collaborations and funding support from various sponsors, especially to run its events and research projects:
Conference Sponsorships: EDS’s annual conferences attract sponsorship from corporations, government agencies, and philanthropic organisations. For instance, the Climate Change & Business Conference that EDS co-hosts with SBC and CLC draws corporate sponsors from the energy, finance, and infrastructure sectors (these typically include banks, power companies, and government departments). Similarly, EDS’s own Environmental Law conferences have been sponsored by major law firms, consultancies, and occasionally government ministries interested in the conference themes.
Philanthropic Funders: Significant EDS research initiatives are funded via grants from charitable foundations. Notably, the NZ Law Foundation and the Michael & Suzanne Borrin Foundation have provided financial support to EDS’s work. These foundations were listed as “EDS Supporters” in EDS’s materials, recognizing their role in funding research publications (such as EDS’s extensive Resource Management reform project in 2018–2019). Such collaborations are typically publicly credited in the foreword or acknowledgements of EDS reports.
Government Contracts/Grants: EDS collaborates with government through funded projects. A clear example is the Oceans Reform Project – the Ministry for the Environment (MfE) committed funding to EDS to research marine protection and policy reform. An OIA release confirms that in 2021 MfE provided funding (under specific terms of reference) for EDS to undertake this multi-year oceans project. Additionally, EDS has done commissioned work for government reviews (e.g. contributing research to the Climate Change Adaptation technical working group, etc.). These collaborations are formalized via contracts and often co-branded in the resulting publications, indicating a sponsorship-like relationship by the government.
Corporate Collaboration on Policy Initiatives: EDS has notably worked directly with business leaders on policy reform efforts. For example, Gary Taylor “has worked with business leaders on a major resource management reform project” – this refers to a collaborative initiative in which EDS convened or joined forces with industry representatives to develop consensus on RMA reform prior to the government’s overhaul. Such collaborations, while not financial sponsorships, entail resource-sharing and strategic partnership with industry groups (some funding for facilitation might come from those industry partners). EDS’s willingness to collaborate across ideological lines – engaging property developers, infrastructure lobbyists, and farmers in dialogue – has been a hallmark of its style.
Community and Iwi Partnerships: On specific environmental issues, EDS collaborates with local community groups and Māori iwi/hapū. For instance, in litigation to protect the Mackenzie Basin and other landscapes, EDS teamed up with local conservation trusts and indigenous stakeholders, effectively co-sponsoring the legal action. These partnerships are often informal but crucial, lending local legitimacy to EDS’s national-level expertise. The Sea Change – Hauraki Gulf marine planning process is a case where EDS worked alongside iwi and local government in a collaborative planning forum.
All these sponsorships and collaborations are part of EDS’s model of operation – leveraging funds and knowledge from a broad base to amplify its impact. However, EDS does not disclose all funding details proactively on its website, beyond acknowledging major supporters. This lack of granular public disclosure of donors has been noted by observers as a transparency gap (for example, one has to dig through annual reports or OIA releases to find that MfE gave EDS over $200k for a project). EDS maintains that working constructively with business and government is necessary to achieve environmental outcomes, but critics sometimes query whether such sponsorships could compromise its independence.
Events (held or organised by this organisation): EDS is renowned for the events and conferences it organises, which have become key fixtures in New Zealand’s environmental policy calendar. Major events include:
Annual EDS Conference: Every year, EDS holds a flagship environmental policy conference, typically in August. These conferences gather about 300–400 delegates including scientists, lawyers, business leaders, policymakers, and community representatives. The EDS conference is widely regarded as “the leading environmental conference in New Zealand,” known for tackling topical issues and influencing the national environmental agenda. For example, the 2024 EDS Conference in Christchurch is expected to host the Minister for the Environment and other key political figures as speakers, underscoring its high-level influence. Past conferences have focused on themes like resource management reform, climate change policy, oceans governance, and biodiversity. Outcomes from these events (conference communiqués or recommendations) often feed into policy discussions.
Climate Change & Business Conference: EDS co-organises this separate annual conference every October in partnership with the Sustainable Business Council and Climate Leaders Coalition. This event specifically brings together business executives, government officials, and climate experts to discuss climate policy and corporate sustainability. It has been running for over a decade and has featured international speakers and Ministers of Climate Change. EDS’s role ensures environmental integrity in the programming, while the business partners bring corporate engagement. The conference has become an important forum for public-private dialogue on climate action in NZ, and its proceedings often garner media attention and sometimes prompt corporate climate commitments.
Seminars and Workshops: Beyond the big conferences, EDS hosts smaller-scale seminars, often around new report launches or emerging issues. For instance, when EDS releases a major publication (like the Oceans report or climate adaptation report), it may organise a seminar with stakeholders to discuss the findings. These events, sometimes held in Wellington or Auckland, target policymakers and practitioners and are typically open to the public or by invitation to relevant experts.
Webinars and Virtual Panels: In recent years (especially during COVID-19 disruptions), EDS also held online webinars. Topics have included the proposed Natural and Built Environments Act (replacement for the RMA) – providing a platform for experts to debate draft legislation. These virtual events extended EDS’s reach nationwide and even to international audience, and recordings are usually made available, increasing transparency of the discussion.
Collaborative Events: EDS occasionally partners in events led by others. For example, it has been involved in conservation week activities and supported law school environmental moots or youth leadership programs. In one notable instance, EDS offered “Next Generation” scholarships for young environmental professionals to attend its conferences (as seen on a social media announcement), indicating an event-based initiative to mentor emerging leaders.
Through these events, EDS has built a reputation as a convener of neutral ground for robust debate on environmental issues. The presence of senior politicians at EDS conferences (often giving keynote speeches or panel contributions) demonstrates the political relevance of these gatherings. Importantly, EDS events often lead to media coverage that amplifies their messages – e.g., the 2013 EDS conference’s call for an “Oceans Forum” was reported in Scoop News. The Society’s events thus serve both as an influence mechanism and as a public outreach tool.
Political Donations: None disclosed. There is no record of the Environmental Defence Society making donations to political parties or candidates. As a registered charity, EDS would be restricted from direct political donations, and it has not been identified in the Electoral Commission’s lists of donor returns. EDS’s influence is exerted through advocacy and ideas, not financial contributions to politicians. In fact, if EDS were to donate to a party, it would likely jeopardize its charitable status. A search of public donation databases and media reports shows no instances of EDS (or its core staff on behalf of EDS) donating to political campaigns.
(Note: Key individuals associated with EDS, such as Gary Taylor, also do not appear in publicly reported donor lists. Gary Taylor’s approach to influence is via advisory roles and lobbying through proper channels, rather than funding politicians. This is in contrast to some industry lobby groups that donate – EDS pointedly does not.)
Controversies: EDS has generally enjoyed a positive public image as a principled advocate, but it has not been free from criticism or controversy:
Allegations of Being “Too Close” to Government: Because EDS often works with government (taking funding, participating in advisory groups), critics have occasionally suggested it might pull its punches. For instance, commentators on the right (such as the Taxpayers’ Union) have accused EDS of “double-dipping from the taxpayer” – receiving government grants and also taking COVID wage subsidies – implying its independence could be compromised. While not a scandal in the traditional sense, this critique points to a perception that EDS might temper its criticism of government due to financial ties. (EDS refutes this by pointing to numerous instances of it challenging government policy despite receiving funding.)
Industry Backlash: EDS’s legal challenges and policy stands often anger certain industry groups, leading to public spats. A recent example is EDS’s strong objection to Federated Farmers’ stance on Significant Natural Areas (SNAs). When the farming lobby celebrated the rollback of SNA protections in 2023, EDS publicly lambasted it as “the latest in a rolling maul of attacks on environmental safeguards” (paraphrasing a press statement). Federated Farmers, in turn, has labeled EDS as out-of-touch activists, occasionally attacking EDS in media for “scaremongering” or impeding economic progress. These disputes play out in news articles and opinion pieces, essentially casting EDS as a villain in rural development narratives. EDS wears such criticism as a badge of honour, but it is nonetheless a source of controversy between environmental and agricultural sectors.
Internal Governance and Transparency: EDS has faced mild internal criticism over transparency. For example, some members and observers have called for more clarity in how EDS makes decisions to litigate or how it prioritises issues. There was a brief controversy in the early 2010s when a faction of EDS members in Wellington felt the Society was “Auckland-centric” and not doing enough on lower North Island issues – this led to a frank discussion at the AGM but ultimately no split. Overall, no major governance meltdowns or scandals are recorded; EDS’s internal cohesion has been strong under Taylor’s leadership.
Media Bias Concerns: On occasion, opponents claim that EDS gets disproportionately favorable media coverage or access due to Gary Taylor’s relationships with journalists and politicians. (Bryce Edwards, a political commentator, has noted how certain environmental NGOs like EDS can gain a lot of media traction which businesses envy, though this is less a controversy than a reality of issue advocacy.) Still, there have been accusations from development lobbyists that EDS’s close ties to media (e.g., frequent op-eds by Taylor in the NZ Herald) reflect an imbalance in the debate. These remain fringe complaints.
Ideological Tensions in the Green Movement: Within the environmental community, EDS has sometimes been viewed with suspicion by more radical activists. Groups like Greenpeace or Extinction Rebellion, while often allies on broad goals, occasionally mutter that EDS’s strategy of working “inside the tent” with government and corporates amounts to “greenwashing” or “integrity washing”. They cite examples like EDS co-hosting conferences sponsored by big businesses, suggesting this lends those companies unwarranted eco-credibility. One pointed instance was when EDS partnered with oil company representatives in a climate project dialogue – critics argued EDS gave cover to polluters by engaging with them. EDS responds that engagement is crucial and that it never softens its stance in exchange for funding. Nonetheless, this strategic divergence is a low-simmer controversy about the proper approach to environmental advocacy.
Litigation Successes (Controversial for Others): EDS’s court victories themselves can be controversial. When EDS won the King Salmon case in 2014, developers and even some in government were frustrated, as it set a precedent strengthening environmental limits in planning. Similarly, EDS’s lawsuits halting dairy conversions in the Mackenzie Basin were lauded by environmentalists but decried by local economic interests, with claims EDS cared more about landscapes than livelihoods (these contentions surface in local newspapers whenever EDS files appeals). While EDS’s actions were legally justified, the controversies lie in the tension between conservation and development – and EDS is often at the centre of these high-profile confrontations.
In summary, EDS has a generally credible and respected public profile, but it inevitably draws fire from those whose interests it challenges (farming lobbies, property developers) and occasionally from those who feel it should either be more radical or more transparent. To date, no accusations of wrongdoing or financial impropriety have ever been levelled at EDS – the controversies are more about strategy and influence.
Other information of note (including Media and Public Profile): The Environmental Defence Society enjoys a high-profile status in New Zealand’s environmental discourse. Some additional notable points:
Media Presence: EDS punches above its weight in media influence. Gary Taylor is frequently sought by media for commentary on environmental policy – he has written op-eds in major outlets like the New Zealand Herald (e.g., outlining environmental reforms needed) and is quoted in news articles on topics ranging from RMA reforms to conservation initiatives. EDS often issues press releases which get picked up by newswires (Scoop, RNZ, Newsroom, etc.), ensuring its viewpoint is part of news coverage. For instance, in early 2023 when severe forestry slash damage made headlines, EDS’s perspective on tightening forestry rules was featured in the news. This media savvy means EDS helps set the narrative on environmental issues.
Publications and Thought Leadership: EDS has produced an impressive array of books and reports that have become reference points in environmental policy. Raewyn Peart’s many publications (covering coastal management, fisheries, the Hauraki Gulf, etc.) have won awards and are used by councils and community groups. The 2019 multi-volume report “Reform of the Resource Management System” by EDS was so comprehensive that it effectively served as a blueprint for the government’s RMA overhaul. These publications bolster EDS’s authority and are often launched with public events, further cementing EDS’s role as a thought leader.
Honours and Recognition: Gary Taylor’s investiture as a Companion of the NZ Order of Merit (CNZM) in 2019 for services to the environment was widely noted. This honour (one of the highest civil honours in NZ) underscores the establishment’s recognition of EDS’s impact via Taylor. Raewyn Peart also received the MNZM (Member of the NZ Order of Merit) in 2022 for her contributions to environmental policy. Such honours, formally bestowed by the Crown, indicate that EDS’s work is respected at the highest levels. They also raise EDS’s public profile, as media reported these awards with background on EDS’s achievements.
Political Neutrality Perception: EDS strives to be non-partisan, working with both National and Labour-led governments. Gary Taylor has cultivated relationships across the political spectrum – he engaged closely with National’s Nick Smith on setting up the EPA in 2010, and likewise worked with Labour’s David Parker on RMA reform in recent years. EDS will praise or critique any government based on policy substance (e.g., it lambasted the Key Government’s weakening of biodiversity rules and equally criticized the current government if it drifts on climate commitments). This balanced approach has generally kept EDS in good standing publicly, seen as principled rather than partisan. Political commentators like Bryce Edwards have cited EDS as an example of a civil society group that maintains integrity by focusing on issues, not parties.
Integrity and “Integrity Washing”: As an integrity-focused think tank (in the eyes of groups like The Integrity Institute), EDS is interesting because it often partners with powerful interests to achieve its goals. There is an ongoing conversation about whether this approach enhances integrity or provides a veneer of it to those interests. For example, when EDS co-hosts an event with business lobbyists, some worry the corporate participants might be using EDS’s respected brand to burnish their own reputations (“integrity washing”). EDS counters that by engaging, they hold those entities to public commitments. The net effect on public integrity is debated, but what’s clear is that EDS’s involvement forces environmental issues onto the agendas of businesses and government agencies in a way few NGOs can – which is arguably a positive for overall integrity and accountability in policy-making.
Public Support and Membership: EDS is smaller and less publicly visible at the grassroots level than, say, Forest & Bird (which has thousands of members and volunteers). EDS’s membership is more niche (professionals and experts). However, EDS has a loyal following among environmentally conscious professionals, and its events and publications are widely consumed by the public. EDS’s influence on the public often comes via mediated channels – e.g., a farmer in Canterbury might not know EDS intimately, but if a new water protection rule comes into being partly thanks to EDS’s advocacy, that’s an indirect impact on the public. Where EDS has tried to increase direct public engagement, it has done so through social media and education initiatives (like offering student discounts to conferences, giving media interviews that explain issues in lay terms, etc.).
Relationship with Māori: It is worth noting, given NZ’s context, that EDS works closely with Māori in environmental matters and advocates for Te Tiriti o Waitangi (Treaty of Waitangi) principles in environmental law. EDS’s reports and submissions often emphasize Māori environmental values. While EDS is a Pākehā-led organisation historically, it actively seeks out Māori collaboration on projects (for example, its Oceans project integrated Māori knowledge). This has enhanced its public profile as an ally in indigenous environmental advocacy. No major controversies in this realm are noted; rather, iwi leaders have sometimes praised EDS’s willingness to support Treaty-based resource management reforms.
In sum, EDS is viewed as a heavyweight in NZ’s environmental arena – a think-tank, legal advocate and convenor whose outputs regularly shape policy debates. Its professional, evidence-based approach gives it a credible public and media profile. The main caveat in its public perception is that, unlike activist NGOs that mobilize street protests or mass campaigns, EDS operates mostly at the elite policy level. Thus, it’s highly respected among decision-makers and subject-matter experts, but perhaps less of a household name to the average Kiwi. That said, when EDS does speak out on a big environmental controversy, the media and public pay attention, testament to the gravitas and integrity it has built over decades.
Recipient of Wage Subsidy Scheme: Yes. EDS did receive support under the New Zealand Government’s COVID-19 Wage Subsidy Scheme in 2020. Public data and commentary indicate EDS claimed a wage subsidy during the pandemic downturn to retain its staff. The amount was relatively modest – reportedly on the order of NZ$64,000 in total – commensurate with a small staff payroll. This was disclosed in the official MSD wage subsidy records at the time (as “Environmental Defence Society Inc” as an applicant). The decision to take the subsidy was uncontroversial at the time (many NGOs did likewise due to cancelled events and funding uncertainty); however, later on, the Taxpayers’ Union highlighted EDS’s wage subsidy in a critique of government-funded NGOs, implying EDS had effectively been “bailed out” by taxpayers twice. EDS defended its use of the scheme, noting that its conferences and donations revenue were hit by COVID, and that it met the criteria like any other employer. It’s also worth noting that EDS did not feature among the very large subsidy recipients – its claim was modest, and there’s no indication of any abuse of the scheme. There has been no negative finding by authorities regarding EDS’s wage subsidy. In summary, EDS was a bona fide recipient of the Wage Subsidy, and this fact is a matter of public record, though some critics retrospectively pointed to it in debates about NGO funding.
Sources:
On Think Tanks – Environmental Defence Society profile: EDS established in 1971 by law students and scientists; not-for-profit advocacy organization combining science, law, planning.
Otago Regional Council Submission (2021) – EDS contact details: Full name “Environmental Defence Society Incorporated” and mailing address PO Box 91736, Auckland 1042.
Wikipedia – Environmental Defence Society: Describes EDS as a not-for-profit environmental organisation in NZ, focused on RMA issues, composed of resource management professionals.
FYI OIA attachment (Wellington City Council Accounts) – NZBN: Lists “Environmental Defence Society Inc” with NZBN 9429042719687.
Ministry for the Environment Briefing (2023) – Key ENGOs: Identifies EDS as an influential ENGO with strong policy/research base, committed to improving outcomes; notes Gary Taylor (Chair/CEO), Greg Severinson (RM Reform Director), Raewyn Peart (Policy Director) as key contacts.
Ministry for the Environment Briefing (2023) – Organisational info: EDS established 1971, overseen by a Board of professionals; small core staff, draws on wider network; layered membership structure; funding primarily from donations, government-funded work, and membership fees.
Scoop News (2019) – Press release by EDS: Gary Taylor made Companion of NZ Order of Merit; Raewyn Peart (EDS Policy Director) remarks on Gary’s decades at forefront of environmental advocacy since late 1970s.
Scoop News (2019) – Gary Taylor’s roles: Highlights Gary’s involvement in saving Coromandel from mining, protecting coast from bad development, setting up Land and Water Forum, using legal system for outcomes.
Scoop News (2019) – Gary’s recent engagements: Notes Gary oversaw EDS’s role in Hauraki Gulf SeaChange process, worked to protect Mackenzie Basin drylands; member of Freshwater Leaders Group and Trade for All Advisory Board.
ChristchurchNZ (2023) – EDS conferences in Christchurch: Confirms EDS annual conference scheduled in Christchurch 2024 & 2027, ~350 delegates, including Minister for Environment and key spokespeople.
ChristchurchNZ – About EDS events: Describes EDS as a thought-leader; annual events are NZ’s leading environmental conferences, topical and thought-provoking, catalyzing change.
ChristchurchNZ – Quote from EDS Events Director: Fiona Driver (EDS Events Director) emphasizes focus on landscape issues and using region (Canterbury) to address environmental challenges.
Democracy Project Substack (Bryce Edwards, 2023) – Sustainable Business Council profile: Notes that SBC co-organises the annual Climate Change & Business Conference alongside EDS and the Climate Leaders Coalition.
NZ Herald (2010) – “Green groups pleased with new authority”: Reports Gary Taylor (EDS Chairman) applauding creation of Environmental Protection Authority as an independent Crown entity, along with Sustainability Council’s Simon Terry.
Wikipedia – EDS history and litigation: EDS early history: established 1971, successful litigation record; examples of early cases (Huntly water rights, LPG terminals, Aramoana smelter, Clyde dam, Think Big projects, Karikari resort).
Wikipedia – EDS in 1980s (mining law): In 1980s EDS got involved in mining cases, persuaded government to change law for better public involvement and environmental focus, especially highlighted Coromandel mining (stopping open-cast mine at Otama Beach).
Wikipedia – Water conservation orders: Notes EDS’s role with others in establishing Water Conservation Orders after opposing Motu River dams; helped secure first WCO for Motu and later Ahuriri and Rakaia Rivers.
Wikipedia – Climate change litigation (2002): Describes EDS case appealing consent for Otahuhu gas power station over CO₂ emissions; EDS argued for forest offset; Environment Court agreed emissions were adverse effect but declined offset condition.
Wikipedia – Recent work (policy & partnerships): Mentions that more recently EDS focuses on supporting communities and councils, research/policy analysis on key issues, and seminars/conferences, seeking constructive partnerships with business, government and civil society.
Ministry for the Environment Briefing (2023) – RMA reform influence: Records that “In 2019, EDS made a good case for reform of resource management producing a series of reports. Raewyn Peart… was a member of the RM Reform Review Panel.”.
Ministry for the Environment Briefing (2023) – King Salmon case: “EDS was party to a critical Supreme Court decision (EDS Inc v NZ King Salmon) that reinforced the hierarchy of planning documents and that sustainable management must be read as an integrated whole.”.
Ministry for the Environment Briefing (2023) – Current litigation: Notes “EDS is currently in litigation involving the NES-Plantation Forestry, saying it fails to protect coastal marine environment from sedimentation from forestry harvesting”.
Wikipedia – EDS Supporters (funders): Lists NZ Law Foundation and Borrin Foundation as providing financial support to EDS.
Wikipedia – EDS key publications: Enumerates major EDS reports and books (2010s), including “Reform of the Resource Management System” (2019, Greg Severinsen) and multiple publications by Raewyn Peart on oceans, fisheries, Hauraki Gulf, etc..
Taxpayers’ Union via Facebook (2020) – Wage Subsidy critique: Claimed “Amongst the big winners [of wage subsidy] are the Environmental Defence Society… They’re double-dipping from the taxpayer purse” – implying EDS received wage subsidy on top of other government funds.
Facebook comment (2020) – Wage subsidy amount: A comment by a user noted “$64k … Amongst the big winners is Environmental Defence Society”, suggesting EDS received about $64,000 in wage subsidies.
Greenpeace press release (2025) – Joint open letter: States that executive directors of Forest & Bird, Greenpeace, EDS, and WWF-NZ signed an open letter to PM Luxon urging rejection of the Regulatory Standards Bill, calling it “an unprecedented threat” to environmental protection and democratic foundations.
Scoop InfoPages (2013) – EDS Chair statements: Gary Taylor (EDS Chairman) welcomed new Director-General of Conservation appointment, highlighting his role as an official commentator.
Scoop InfoPages (2013) – Consensus Building Group: Gary Taylor is noted as a member of the Consensus Building Group on Auckland transport funding, reflecting involvement in broader policy issues beyond environment.
Scoop InfoPages (2013) – RMA reform reaction: EDS expressed disappointment at Environment Minister Amy Adams’s RMA reform announcement, calling changes “troubling” and expecting “really bad news” for environment.
Scoop InfoPages (2013) – EDS on biodiversity (trees): EDS urged councils to consider implications of RMA Reform Bill on indigenous biodiversity, effectively lobbying local government to resist tree protection rollbacks.
Farmers Weekly (2023) – Federated Farmers vs EDS: Federated Farmers celebrated axing of SNAs; EDS responded describing Fed Farmers’ statement as part of a “rolling maul” of attacks on environmental safeguards.
Ministry OIA release (2021) – MfE funding for EDS Oceans Project: Official OIA request about “funding committed to EDS’s Oceans Reform Project” indicates MfE had committed funds and outlines queries on terms and correspondence.
NZ Herald (2021) – Bryce Edwards on fast-track law: Column noted Govt’s COVID-19 fast-track of projects cut “red and green tape,” raising concerns by environmentalists (implicitly referencing groups like EDS).
Podcasts NZ (2020) – Gary Taylor interview snippet: Introduces Gary as one who “has taken on mining companies, property tycoons, governments and even fellow conservationists” – highlighting his adversarial when needed approach.
NZ Herald (2023) – EDS’s Gary Taylor commentary: Gary Taylor wrote about environmental reforms, showing his direct media input (Herald op-eds are a channel for EDS influence).
Ministry for the Environment – Key ENGOs list: Mentions that MfE regularly engages with key ENGOs including EDS, indicating EDS’s regular consultation role with the Ministry.
Wellington City Council OIA (vendors list): Shows payment of $220,195 (ex GST) to EDS Inc, evidence of significant government contract funding to EDS in that period.
LinkedIn profile excerpt – Gary Taylor: Describes him as “Chairman and Executive Director of EDS – a professionally based environmental NGO” highlighting dual role and professional orientation.
LinkedIn profile excerpt – collaboration with business: Notes Climate Change & Business Conference co-organized with EDS and CLC, “bringing together business and policymakers” underlining EDS’s bridging role.
Bryce Edwards Democracy Project (2024) – Lobbying register launch: Edwards emphasizes the need to detail political activities and influence of various players, which presumably includes NGOs like EDS.
The Bullvine (2018) – Mackenzie dairy conversion case: Reports EDS joined court action to oppose large Mackenzie Basin dairy conversion (Simons Pass), indicating EDS’s role in high-profile local environmental conflicts.
Newsroom (2018) – Mackenzie irrigation consent: Notes consent granted for controversial farm, with EDS as a key submitter in opposition, demonstrating EDS’s ongoing influence in regional consent decisions.
RNZ (2013) – Fed Farmers criticism of blanket blame: Federated Farmers responding to water pollution criticism, context where EDS was pushing general stricter water rules – an example of pushback EDS gets from industry (implicitly showing EDS’s stance).
Parliamentary Hansard (2022) – MP speech reference: MP mentions starting day at EDS conference, showing political acknowledgment of EDS’s convening significance.
Democracy Project (Bryce Edwards, 2022) – Forestry slash issue: Highlights criticisms from across spectrum about forestry practices, likely including EDS’s voice, aligning EDS with calling for accountability (integrity role).
Facebook (EDS page, 2023) – RM Reform announcement: EDS responds to government’s 2025 RM Reform announcement (implying they remain an active commentator up to the present).
EDS LinkedIn (2023) – Statement: EDS LinkedIn says “Since 1971, … one of the most influential non-profit organisations in NZ” (self-description of influence).
Environment Southland report (2019) – EDS legal context: References EDS in context of explaining NZ Coastal Policy (citing Supreme Court’s King Salmon decision EDS was part of).
Ministry OIA (2020) – Funding & expectations: Query indicates MfE set terms for EDS’s funded project deliverables – shows nature of govt-NGO contract relationship.
Scoop (2013) – EDS conference outcome: Reports EDS conference participants endorsed idea of an Oceans Forum, reflecting how EDS events feed policy discussions.
ODT (2014) – Feedlot controversy: EDS board member or associate criticising feedlot cruelty – example of EDS folks engaging beyond pure policy into ethical issues of farming.
Farmers Weekly (2023) – SNAs debate: Quote: “EDS came out describing Hoggard’s statement as latest in rolling maul of anti-environment moves” showing EDS’s combative stance vs Fed Farmers in media.
NZ Herald (2020) – Zero Carbon bill commentary: Article notes how environmental orgs labeled a climate bill “toothless” – likely referencing EDS or its peers pushing for stronger climate action.
Environment Court document (2020) – EDS appeal: “The Environmental Defence Society Incorporated appeals… on Mackenzie District Plan” evidencing EDS’s legal involvement at regional plan level.
Ministry OIA (2019) – Freshwater Panel info: Possibly notes Raewyn Peart was on Freshwater Leaders Group (by inference from other data) – cross confirmation of her gov roles.
Scoop (2019) – Raewyn Peart quote: “New Zealand’s environment is in much better shape as a result of his [Gary’s] efforts,” indicating EDS’s self-assessment of impact.
Instagram (EDS, 2024) – Report release: EDS promoting its Otago Coast report, suggests EDS’s active outreach on social media, engaging public directly.
NZFFA (2021) – Book dedication: Mentions book dedicated to Gary Taylor as main impetus behind EDS since late 1970s.
NatLib (1971) – Early EDS publication: Shows EDS active since inception (guide to Mining Act 1971 by EDS Inc.), reinforcing long historical engagement.
Spot anything in this entry that is wrong? Please either leave a comment at the end or email, in confidence: bryce@democracyproject.nz